Juliet Cohen asked:


Preeclampsia/eclampsia is a complex hypertensive disorder of pregnancy affecting multiple systems. Preeclampsia is a condition that pregnant women can get. Preeclampsia and eclampsia are complications of pregnancy. In preeclampsia, the woman has dangerously high blood pressure, swelling, and protein in the urine.

Mild pre-eclampsia at term is less likely to recur (5-10%) and when it does, it’s usually mild again. After severe pre-eclampsia, recurrence rate is about 20-25% in subsequent pregnancies. After eclampsia, about 25-30% of subsequent pregnancies will be complicated by pre-eclampsia, but only 2% with eclampsia again.

About 7% of all nulliparas develop preeclampsia. The disease is most common in mothers under the age of 20, or over the age of 35.

Other risk factors include poverty, multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets, etc.), pre-existing chronic hypertension or kidney disease, diabetes, excess amniotic fluid, and a condition of the fetus called nonimmune hydrops. Eclampsia is the final and most severe phase of preeclampsia and occurs when preeclampsia is left untreated. In addition to the previously mentioned signs of preeclampsia, women with eclampsia often have seizures. Eclampsia can cause coma and even death of the mother and baby and can occur before, during, or after childbirth. Eclampsia can cause coma and even death of the mother and baby. Low levels of vitamin D may be a risk factor for preeclampsia. Preeclampsia can prevent the placenta from receiving enough blood, which can cause your baby to be born very small.

It is also one of the leading causes of premature births and the difficulties that can accompany them, including learning disabilities, epilepsy, cerebral palsy, and hearing and vision problems. With mild preeclampsia, treatment may be limited to bed rest, with careful daily monitoring of weight, blood pressure, and urine protein via dipstick. Increased dietary protein has been suggested to reduce the incidence of pre-eclampsia. Magnesium can be injected into the veins to prevent eclampsia-related seizures. Hydralazine or another antihypertensive drug to manage severe elevations of blood pressure. A large trial of low-dose aspirin has confirmed that it has a place in prevention of pre-eclampsia. Close monitoring by practitioners will help decrease the complications of these conditions.

Preeclampsia and Eclampsia Treatment Tips

1. Monitoring fluid intake.

2. Calcium supplementation has also been suggested

3. Fish oil supplementation may help prevent preeclampsia.

4. Close monitoring by practitioners will help decrease the complications of these conditions.

5. Magnesium can be injected into the veins to prevent eclampsia-related seizures.

6. Hydralazine or another antihypertensive drug to manage severe elevations of blood pressure.



Bruce

Juliet Cohen asked:


Muenke Syndrome, also known as FGFR3-related craniosynostosis. Muenke syndrome is an inherited condition characterized by the early closure of certain bones of the skull (coronal synostosis), which affects the shape of the head and face. Many people with this disorder have a premature fusion of skull bones along the coronal suture, the growth line which goes over the head from ear to ear. Other parts of the skull may be malformed as well. These changes can result in an abnormally shaped head, wide-set eyes, and flattened cheekbones. Muenke syndrome occurs in about 1 in 30,000 newborns.

Most people with this condition have normal intellectual, but developmental impediment and learning disabilities are possible. Some have an enlarged head (macrocephaly). The signs and symptoms of Muenke syndrome vary among affected people, and some findings overlap with those seen in other craniosynostosis syndromes. A single mutation in the FGFR3 gene causes this syndrome. The protein made by the FGFR3 gene is a receptor that plays a role in the development and maintenance of bone and brain tissue. Mutations in this gene result in an abnormal receptor that binds more readily to molecules outside the cell.

This overactive receptor interferes with normal bone growth, allowing the bones of the head to mingle before they should. Most people with this condition have normal intellect, but learning disabilities are common. These signs and symptoms vary between people, and some findings overlap with those seen in other craniosynostosis syndromes. Children with Muenke syndrome and craniosynostosis are referred to a craniofacial clinic with experience in pediatrics. Adults with Muenke syndrome should be referred to a medical geneticist and genetic counselor for assessment and genetic counseling.



Diane

Greeman & Toomey asked:


Under both the Title II and Title XVI programs, medical evidence is the cornerstone for the determination of disability.  Each person who files a disability claim is responsible for providing medical evidence showing that he or she has an impairment(s) and how severe the impairment(s) may be.   However, the Social Security Administration (SSA) will help claimants get medical reports from their own medical sources when the claimants give SSA permission to do so. This medical evidence generally comes from sources who have treated or evaluated the claimant for his or her impairment(s). 

Acceptable Medical Sources

Documentation of the existence of a claimant’s impairment must come from medical professionals defined by SSA regulations as “acceptable medical sources.”  Once the existence of an impairment is established, all the medical and non-medical evidence is considered in assessing impairment severity. ”Acceptable medical sources” are:



licensed physicians (medical or osteopathic doctors); 



 

 



licensed or certified psychologists. Included are school psychologists, or other licensed or certified individuals with other titles who perform the same function as a school psychologist in a school setting, for purposes of establishing mental retardation, learning disabilities, and borderline intellectual functioning only ;



 

 



licensed optometrists, for purposes of establishing visual disorders only (except, in the U.S. Virgin Islands, licensed optometrists, for the measurement of visual acuity and visual fields only);



 

 



licensed podiatrists, for purposes of establishing impairments of the foot, or foot and ankle, depending on whether the State in which the podiatrist practices permits the practice of podiatry on the foot only, or the foot and ankle; and



 

 



qualified speech-language pathologists, for purposes of establishing speech or language impairments only. For this source, “qualified” means that the speech-language pathologist must be licensed by the State professional licensing agency, or be fully certified by the State education agency in the State in which he or she practices, or hold a Certificate of Clinical Competence from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.



 

 

Medical Evidence from Treating Sources

Currently, many disability claims are decided on the basis of medical evidence from treating sources. SSA regulations place special emphasis on evidence from treating sources because they are likely to be the medical professionals most able to provide a detailed longitudinal picture of the claimant’s impairments and may bring a unique perspective to the medical evidence that cannot be obtained from the medical findings alone or from reports of individual examinations or brief hospitalizations. Therefore, timely, accurate, and adequate medical reports from treating sources accelerate the processing of the claim because they can greatly reduce or eliminate the need for additional medical evidence to complete the claim.

Medical Evidence From Health Facilities

Social Security also requests copies of medical evidence from hospitals, clinics, or other health facilities where a claimant has been treated. All medical reports received are considered during the disability determination process.

Other Evidence

Information from other sources may also help show the extent to which a person’s impairment(s) affects his or her ability to function in a work setting; or in the case of a child, the ability to function compared to that of children the same age who do not have impairments. Other sources include public and private agencies, non?medical sources such as schools, parents and caregivers, social workers and employers, and other practitioners such as naturopaths, chiropractors, and audiologists.

Medical Reports

Physicians, psychologists, and other health professionals are frequently asked by SSA to submit reports about an individual’s impairment. Therefore, it is important to know what evidence SSA needs. Medical reports should include:



medical history;



 

 



clinical findings (such as the results of physical or mental status examinations);



 

 



laboratory findings (such as blood pressure, x-rays);



 

 



diagnosis;



 

 



treatment prescribed with response and prognosis;



 

 



a statement providing an opinion about what the claimant can still do despite his or her impairment(s), based on the medical source’s findings on the above factors. This statement should describe, but is not limited to, the individual’s ability to perform work-related activities, such as sitting, standing, walking, lifting, carrying, handling objects, hearing, speaking, and traveling. In cases involving mental impairments, it should describe the individual’s ability to understand, to carry out and remember instructions, and to respond appropriately to supervision, coworkers, and work pressures in a work setting. For a child, the statement should describe his or her functional limitations in learning, motor functioning, performing self-care activities, communicating, socializing, and completing tasks (and, if a child is a newborn or young infant from birth to age 1, responsiveness to stimuli).



 

 

 Consultative Examinations

If the evidence provided by the claimant’s own medical sources is inadequate to determine if he or she is disabled, additional medical information may be sought by recontacting the treating source for additional information or clarification, or by arranging for a CE. The treating source is the preferred source for a CE if he or she is qualified, equipped, and willing to perform the examination for the authorized fee. Even if only a supplemental test is required, the treating source is ordinarily the preferred source for this service. However, SSA’s rules provide for using an independent source (other than the treating source) for a CE or diagnostic study if:



the treating source prefers not to perform the examination;



 

 



the treating source does not have the equipment to provide the specific data needed;



 

 



there are conflicts or inconsistencies in the file that cannot be resolved by going back to the treating source;



 

 



the claimant prefers another source and has good reason for doing so; or prior experience indicates that the treating source may not be a productive source.



 

 

 Consultative Examination Report Content

A complete CE is one which involves all the elements of a standard examination in the applicable medical specialty. A complete consultative examination report should include the following elements:



the claimant’s major or chief complaint(s); 



 

 



a detailed description, within the area of specialty of the examination, of the history of the major complaint(s); 



 

 



a description, and disposition, of pertinent “positive” and “negative” detailed findings based on the history, examination, and laboratory tests related to the major complaint(s), and any other abnormalities or lack thereof reported or found during examination or laboratory testing;



 

 



results of laboratory and other tests (e.g., X-rays) performed according to the requirements stated in the Listing of Impairments; 



 

 



the diagnosis and prognosis for the claimant’s impairment(s); 



 

 



a statement about what the claimant can still do despite his or her impairment(s), unless the claim is based on statutory blindness. This statement should describe the opinion of the consultant about the claimant’s ability, despite his or her impairment(s), to do work related activities such as sitting, standing, walking, lifting, carrying, handling objects, hearing, speaking, and traveling; and, in cases of mental impairment(s), the opinion of the consultant about the individual’s ability to understand, to carry out and remember instructions, and to respond appropriately to supervision, coworkers, and work pressures in a work setting. For a child, the statement should describe the child’s functional limitations in learning, motor functioning, performing self-care activities, communicating, socializing, and completing tasks (and, if the child is a newborn or young infant from birth to age 1, responsiveness to stimuli); and



 

 



the consultant ’s consideration, and some explanation or comment on, the claimant’s major complaint(s) and any other abnormalities found during the history and examination or reported from the laboratory tests. The history, examination, evaluation of laboratory test results, and the conclusions will represent the information provided by the consultant who signs the report.



 

 

 Evidence Relating to Symptoms

In developing evidence of the effects of symptoms, such as pain, shortness of breath, or fatigue, on a claimant’s ability to function, SSA investigates all avenues presented that relate to the complaints. These include information provided by treating and other sources regarding:



the claimant’s daily activities;



 

 



the location, duration, frequency, and intensity of the pain or other symptom;



 

 



precipitating and aggravating factors;



 

 



the type, dosage, effectiveness, and side effects of any medication;



 

 



treatments, other than medications, for the relief of pain or other symptoms;



 

 



any measures the claimant uses or has used to relieve pain or other symptoms; and



 

 



other factors concerning the claimant’s functional limitations due to pain or other symptoms.



 

 

 In assessing the claimant’s pain or other symptoms, the decision maker must give full consideration to all of the above-mentioned factors. It is important that medical sources address these factors in the reports they provide.



Evelyn

Juliet Cohen asked:


A person who has a mental handicap generally tends to learn slowly and may also have a limited ability to learn. It is estimated that from 30 to 87 per cent of distinctive with a mental handicap have associated conditions requiring some level of attention. Up to 30 per cent may have epilepsy or cerebral palsy. In addition, sensory, speech and language, behavioural and psychiatric needs can be associated with mental handicap. Malnutrition is a common cause of reduced intelligence in parts of the world affected by famine, such as Ethiopia. Prenatal and postnatal trauma are also common causes, including intracranial hemorrhage, hypoxic injuries (often due to cerebral palsy), and head injuries. Certain infectious diseases can also lead to mental handicaps when they result in complications.

Measles, chicken pox, and whooping cough may lead to encephalitis or meningitis, which can cause brain damage. Other infections, including congenital rubella, toxoplasmosis, and HIV can also lead to mental handicaps. Institutionalisation at a young age can cause mental retardation in normal children. Non-inherited metabolic disorders, including Reye’s syndrome, hypernatremic dehydration, and hypoglycemia may lead to mental disability. Exposure to toxins, such as lead and mercury, can cause brain damage, as can the mother’s use of alcohol or drugs. There are sevral classifical of mental handicap. First is Mild learning disability: IQ 50-70, approximately 85% of cases. Second is Moderate: IQ 35-49, approximately 10% cases; use simple language when talking but understand speech better.

Third is Severe: IQ 20-34, approximately 3-4% cases: many able to look after themselves with careful supervision. Fourth Profound: IQ less than 20, approximately 1-2% cases. Most adults with learning disability have very limited economic resources. The primary goal for treating someone who is mentally handicapped is to develop the person’s possibility for achievement to its fullest. Special education programs often begin as early as infancy to help the child develop language and social skills, which are level at helping the person function as normally as possible as an adult. Individuals who are mildly handicapped can develop new skills and abilities through early intervention and specialized education. Early and effective management of problems in the neonatal period and early childhood.

Mental HandicapTreatment Tips

1. Severely handicapped individuals require more support.

2. Psychotropic drugs are often used but rarely produce significant benefits.

3. Behavioural treatment methods for self-injury in learning disability are probably effective.

4. Often require a segregated education program developed to meet their individual needs.

5. Special education programs often begin as early as infancy to help the child mature language and social skills.



Jared

Juliet Cohen asked:


Acrodysostosis is an extremely rare congenital malformation syndrome which involves shortening of the knuckles of the legs and hands, in approximately 90% of affected children, and peculiar fecies. Most patients with acrodysostosis have no family history of the disease. But sometimes the condition is passed down from parent to child as an autosomal dominant trait. That means parents with the condition have a 1 in 2 chance of passing the disorder on to their children. Affected infants may exhibit premature maturation of bones of the hands and feet, malformation and shortening of the forearm bones near the wrist, and abnormally short fingers and toes. Other findings may include progressive growth delays, short stature, and unusual head and ****** features. Further abnormalities of the skin, genitals, teeth, and skeleton may occur.

Both males and females are affected from this disorder. The disorder has been associated with older parental age. A person dealing with Acrodysostosis will usually present with a unique condition-type ****** appearance consisting of a prominant jaw, small nose, open mouth, as well as having smaller than normal hands and feet. Learning disabilities may also be present with this condition. It may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in some cases, although no gene has yet been identified with this disorder. Acrodysostosis seems to be associated in some cases with advanced parental age. Those with acrodysostosis often have some degree of mental retardation and learning difficulties.

Responsible gene for this extremely rare disorder has not yet been identified and the condition may result from different genetic problems rather than one specific condition. Genetic counseling should be considered to help with diagnosis, testing and risk assessment. Treatment depends on what physical and cognitive problems are present. There is a prenatal test that can be done to test for the presence of the condition. Other than that, there is no cure as of yet. Tutoring individuals that also have a learning disability is one way of dealing with that facet of the disorder if it is present. Orthopedic care as well as early intervention and special education are recommended. Antenatal diagnosis may be made by ultrasound examination of the bones in babies whose mother has the condition, but routine screening isn’t done.



Eric

Juliet Cohen asked:


Cluttering is an address disorder that in many ways is related to stuttering, but is really often distinct than stuttering. It is almost frequently described as a “balmy stutter,” or that the individual is anxious or doesn’t recognize what they are trying to tell. Cluttering has in the past been viewed as an eloquence disorder. Cluttering occurs when a person’s address accelerates to a more speedy rate than natural, when the private repeats syllables or phrases, and/or when a person goes backwards to reiterate things dual times in an attempt to have his or her address more clear-cut. When these happen, the private’s address literally becomes cluttered.

Causes of cluttering that are unusual to the private. The consumption of alcohol or drugs such as cannabis/marijuana may too shape cluttering. Conditions that impact density may be related to a person’s cluttering, and there may still be some prescription medications that are used to handle autonomous illnesses or conditions that could too take around cluttering as a position consequence. Cluttering is sometimes confused with stuttering. Both communication disorders fracture the natural flowing of address. However, while stuttering is almost frequently analyzed as an address disorder, cluttering is a word disorder.

Cluttering not simply affects address, but affects thought patterns, writing, typing, and conversation. Cluttering can frequently be confused with word postponement, word disorder, learning disabilities, and care shortfall disorder. People with ADD or ADHD may get many of the same symptoms as clutterers, including being careless, fidgety, brief tempered, and eager. There may be a medical cause for cluttering. Any ill which affects density can cause cluttering behavior. Equally, the consumption of prescription drugs which impact density bridge may induce a round of cluttering.

Abusing substances such as cannabis, which have a negative effect on concentration and perception, may cause longer lasting cluttering of speech. Treatment for cluttering usually takes longer than stuttering treatment. Delayed auditory feedback (DAF) is usually used to produce a more deliberate, exaggerated oral-motor response pattern. Other treatment components include improving narrative structure with story-telling picture books, turn-taking practice, pausing practice, and language therapy. Systematic misarticulations should be targeted by conventional articulation treatment strategies.



Elizabeth

Juliet Cohen asked:


Gigantism is abnormally large growth due to an excess of growth hormone during childhood, before the bone growth plates have closed. Approximately 20% of patients with gigantism have MAS and may have either pituitary hyperplasia or adenomas. The most common cause of too much growth hormone release is a non-cancerous (benign) tumor of the pituitary gland. Other causes include carney complex, McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS), multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) and neurofibromatosis. If excess growth hormone occurs after normal bone growth has stopped, the condition is known as acromegaly.

The vertical growth in height that marks this condition is also accompanied by growth in muscles and organs, which makes the child extremely large for his or her age. The disorder can also delay puberty. Gigantism may begin at any age before epiphyseal fusion. The mean age for onset of acromegaly is in the third decade of life. For acromegaly, the delay from the insidious onset of symptoms to diagnosis is 5-15 years, with a mean delay of 8.7 years. Sign and Symptoms of Gigantism comprise thickening of the ****** features, disproportionately large hands and feet with thick fingers and toes, augmented perspiration, weakness and secretion of ****** milk.

Other symptoms of Gigantism include irregular menstruation, headache, and delayed onset of puberty and double vision or difficulty with peripheral vision. Surgery is the treatment of choice and can cure many cases. When surgery cannot completely eliminate the tumor, medication is also treatment of alternative. The most helpful medications are somatostatin analogs (such as octreotide or long-acting lanreotide), which reduce growth hormone release. Somatostatin analogs are very effective in treating patients with GH excess. Dopamine agonists (bromocriptine mesylate, cabergoline) have also been utilized to reduce growth hormone secretion.

A drug that blocks the result of increase hormone, pegvisomant, has recently become available. Radiation therapy has also been used to bring increase hormone levels to normal. However, it can take 5-10 years for the full effects to be seen and almost always leads to low levels of other pituitary hormones. Radiation has also been related with learning disabilities, obesity, and emotional changes in children. Surgery and radiation can both lead to deficiencies in other pituitary hormones, causing hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, hypogonadism, and (rarely) diabetes insipidus.



Marc

Gerry Restrivera asked:


In general, adult learning difficulty is a brain condition that affects one’s ability to process information. Common signs are difficulty in reading, speaking and writing. This condition can affect anybody regardless of age, gender and ethnicity but it is best to get diagnosed as early as possible because this condition could be very disabling if left untreated.

Dyslexia is the known term for learning difficulty. Some adults who have this kind of adult learning difficulty were not diagnosed when they were younger. Suffering from dyslexia could be really frustrating and disabling. It is important to know how to cope with adult learning disability as early as possible to function well with the daily challenges of life. The fist step in seeking treatment is to get the proper screening or test for adult learning disability.

Difficulty in reading, writing, comprehension, spelling, dealing with numbers or mathematical operations, managing time, following instruction, understanding things in sequence and identifying left from right are just some of the common signs of adult dyslexics. Sufferings from adult learning difficulty could affect the job and personal life of the sufferer.

Although there are common symptoms of dyslexia, the range of difficulty may differ from one person to another. It is important to take a comprehensive adult learning difficulty screening to know your specific learning disability. If your specific level of difficulty is identified, it is easier to determine the type of treatment that will work for you.

There are treatments available to help you live a successful life despite of your learning difficulty. There are people with learning disability but were able to live the life they dreamed of and became successful in their chosen career. Dyslexia is a treatable condition and early detection is important.

Now there are tests available for adult learning difficulty. To find out if your are suffering from dyslexia visit Adult Dyslexia Screening Online.

To know more about health and beauty remedies visit Great Discovery-Health and Beauty.





Clifford

Juliet Cohen asked:


Apraxia is one of the almost significant and least understood leading behavioral neurology syndromes. Apraxia is a disorder of machine preparation which may be acquired or developmental, but may not be caused by incoordination, sensory departure, or bankruptcy to grasp easy commands. It is different from new address and word deficits such as dysarthria, aphasia or stuttering. There are two types of Apraxia of Speech: Acquired and Developmental. Acquired apraxia of address can impact an individual at any age. It can be caused payable to injuries to parts of the mind involved with address, resulting in the departure of existing address power. Developmental apraxia occurs in children and it is existing from birth. This character of apraxia of address affects much boys than girls. The reason of developmental apraxia is not known still. It is not payable to failing or paralysis of the address muscles. The hardship of apraxia of address can drift from balmy to serious.

As apraxia is tested through the consumption of respective pantomimes, it has been establish in about 50% 0f the patients with left hemisphere harm and simply little than 10% with correct hemisphere harm. Apraxia can too be establish in diseases of the basal ganglia, including Parkinson’s disease, liberal supranuclear palsy and Huntington’s disease and in isolated lesions of the basal ganglia. Some scientists think that developmental apraxia is a disorder related to a kid’s whole word growth. Others think it is a neurological disorder that affects the mind’s power to ship the appropriate signals to go the muscles involved in address. Children with developmental apraxia frequently have household members who have a story of communication disorders or learning disabilities. This remark and new investigation findings indicate that hereditary factors may beat a character in the disorder.

People with either kind of apraxia of address may get an amount of distinct address characteristics, or symptoms. One of the almost noteworthy symptoms is trouble putting sounds and syllables jointly in the accurate decree to organize words. Apraxia is characterized by departure of the power to do or transport away learned meaningful movements, despite having the desire to and the physiological power to do the movements. People with apraxia of address frequently seem to be groping for the correct audio or language, and may seek saying a language several times before they tell it correctly. Children with developmental apraxia of address mostly can realize word often best than they are capable to take word to convey themselves. Some children with the disorder may too get new problems. These can include new address problems, such as dysarthria, word problems such as impoverished vocabulary, problems with reading, writing, and chewing and swallowing difficulties.

In some cases, folk with acquired apraxia of address recuperate some or all of their address abilities on their own. This is called unscripted recuperation. Speech-language therapy is frequently useful for these children and for folk with acquired apraxia who do not spontaneously recuperate all of their address abilities. Drugs that sluggish the symptomatic advancement of dementia do not seem advantageous. Physical and occupational therapy may modestly better functioning but is more frequently helpful for making the surroundings safer and for providing devices that assist patients evade the main shortfall. In serious cases, augmentative and unconventional communication may be needed, such as the consumption of easy gestures or more advanced electronic equipment. Support and encouragement from household members and friends are too significant.



Doris